参考:
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/architect-lambdas-part1-2080972.html
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/architect-lambdas-part2-2081439.html
http://blog.csdn.net/goldenfish1919/article/details/22747375
jdk8之前,尤其是在写GUI程序的事件监听的时候,各种的匿名内部类,大把大把拖沓的代码,程序毫无美感可言!既然java中一切皆为对象,那么,就类似于某些动态语言一样,函数也可以当成是对象啊!代码块也可以当成是对象啊!随着函数式编程的概念越来越深入人心,java中CODE=OBJECT的这一天终于到来了!如果你认为lambda表达式仅仅是为了从语法上简化匿名内部类,那就太小看jdk8的lambda了!
下面我们就来看下lambda表达式是如何亮瞎你的眼的!
lambda的定义
Funda-men-tally, a lambda expression is just a shorter way of writing an implementation of a method for later execution.
(1)lambda是方法的实现
(2)lambda是延迟执行的
首先看一个用匿名内部类的例子:
public class Test1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Runnable r = new Runnable(){
public void run(){
System.out.println("hello,lambda!");
}
};
r.run();
}
}
要换成lambda是什么样的呢?
public class Test2{
public static void main(String args[]){
Runnable r = ()->System.out.println("hello,lambda");
r.run();
}
}
原先要5行代码,现在换成了仅仅1行!
这他妈的得省多少代码啊!
有木有很兴奋啊!
下面还有更刺激的!
lambda是如何做到的呢?看一下反编译之后的字节码:
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=2, args_size=1
0: invokedynamic #2, 0 // InvokeDynamic #0:run:()Ljava/lang/Runnable;
5: astore_1
6: aload_1
7: invokeinterface #3, 1 // InterfaceMethod java/lang/Runnable.run:()V
12: return
LineNumberTable:
line 3: 0
line 4: 6
line 5: 12
}
注意:上面有一个叫做invokedynamic的指令。invokedynamic是从jdk7开始引入的,jdk8开始落地。
可以看出来lambda并不是语法糖,它不是像匿名内部类那样生成那种带有$的匿名类。
简单的说,这里只是定义了一个方法调用点,具体调用那个方法要到运行时才能决定,这就是前面所说的:延迟执行。
具体的细节请google:invokedynamic。
为了配合lambda,jdk8引入了一个新的定义叫做:函数式接口(Functional interfaces)
函数式接口:
it is an interface that requires exactly one method to be implemented in order to satisfy the requirements of the interface.
(1)是一个接口
(2)只有一个待实现的方法
因为jdk8开始,接口可以有default方法,所以,函数式接口也是可以有default方法的,但是,只能有一个未实现的方法。
与此对应,新引入了一个注解: @FunctionalInterface
这个注解只是起文档的作用,说明这个接口是函数式接口,编译器并不会使用这个注解来决定一个接口是不是函数式接口。
不管加不加@FunctionalInterface这个注解,下面的接口都是函数式接口:
interface Something {
public String doit(Integer i);
}
lambda的语法
A lambda in Java essentially consists of three parts: a parenthesized set of parameters, an arrow, and then a body,
which can either be a single expression or a block of Java code.
lambda包含3个部分:
– (1)括弧包起来的参数
– (2)一个箭头
– (3)方法体,可以是单个语句,也可以是语句块
参数可以写类型,也可以不写,jvm很智能的,它能自己推算出来
public class Test3{
public static void main(String… args) {
Comparator
int result = c.compare(“Hello”, “World”);
System.out.println(result);
}
}
方法可以有返回,也可以无返回,如果有多个语句,还要返回值,需要加上return
public class Test4{
public static void main(String… args) {
Comparator
System.out.println(“I am comparing ” +lhs + ” to ” + rhs);
return lhs.compareTo(rhs);
};
int result = c.compare(“Hello”, “World”);
System.out.println(result);
}
}
一个很有意思的事情:
之前我们说Object是一切类的父类,然而在加入了lambda以后,这种大一统的局面将不复存在:
public class Test5{
public static void main(String args[]){
Object r = ()->System.out.println(“hello,lambda”);
}
}
编译报错:
Test5.java:3: error: incompatible types: Object is not a functional interface
Object r = ()->System.out.println(“hello,lambda”);
^
1 error
很显然,编译器会检查变量的引用类型里面是否真的是一个函数式接口。那么如何让这段代码通过编译呢?
只需要加一个强制类型转换就可以了:
public class Test6{
public static void main(String args[]){
Object r = (Runnable)()->System.out.println("hello,lambda");
}
}
lambda的词法作用域
我们知道,在匿名内部类中:
class Hello {
public Runnable r = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
System.out.println(this);
System.out.println(toString());
}
};
public String toString() {
return "Hello's custom toString()";
}
}
public class InnerClassExamples {
public static void main(String... args) {
Hello h = new Hello();
h.r.run();
}
}
System.out.println(this);这里的this指的是匿名类,而非Hello类。
想要引用Hello类需要Hello.this这样:
class Hello {
public Runnable r = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
System.out.println(Hello.this);
System.out.println(Hello.this.toString());
}
};
}
这种做法非常的反人类反直觉!看上去很恶心!
下面我们就来看一下伟大的lambda是什么样子的:
class Hello{
public Runnable r = () -> {
System.out.println(this);
System.out.println(toString());
};
public String toString() {
return "Hello's custom toString()";
}
}
public class Test7{
public static void main(String args[]){
Hello h = new Hello();
h.r.run();
}
}
输出:
Hello’s custom toString()
Hello’s custom toString()
System.out.println(this);这里的this指的是Hello,而非lambda表达式!
但是,如果我们想在lambda表达式中返回lambda本身该怎么做呢?
变量捕获
匿名内部类只能引用作用域外面的final的变量,在lambda中对这个限制做了削弱,只需要是“等价final”就可以,没必要用final关键字来标识。
public class Test8{
public static void main(String args[]){
String message = "Howdy, world!";//不需要是final的
Runnable r = () -> System.out.println(message);//这里也能访问
r.run();
}
}
“等效final”的意思是:事实上的final,所以,一旦赋值也是不可以改变的!比如:
public class Test9{
public static void main(String args[]){
String message = "Howdy, world!";
Runnable r = () -> System.out.println(message);
r.run();
message = "change it";
}
}
Test9.java:4: error: local variables referenced from a lambda expression must be final or effectively final
Runnable r = () -> System.out.println(message);
^
1 error
如果上面的内容看上去平淡无奇的话,真正的大杀器出现了:方法引用
我们有一个这样的类:
class Person {
public String firstName;
public String lastName;
public int age;
}
现在我们要把多个Person对象进行排序,有时候是按照firstName来排,有时候是按照lastName或者是age来排,使用lambda可以这样来做:
class Person{
public String firstName;
public String lastName;
public int age;
public Person(String firstName, String lastName, int age){
this.firstName = firstName;
this.lastName = lastName;
this.age = age;
}
public String toString(){
return firstName+","+lastName+","+age;
}
}
public class Test10{
public static void main(String args[]){
Person people[] = new Person[]{
new Person("Ted", "Neward", 41),
new Person("Charlotte", "Neward", 41),
new Person("Michael", "Neward", 19),
new Person("Matthew", "Neward", 13)
};
//sort by firstName
Arrays.sort(people, (lhs,rhs)->lhs.firstName.compareTo(rhs.firstName));
for(Person p : people){
System.out.println(p);
}
}
}
我们可以把Comparator抽取出来,变成是Person对象的成员变量:
class Person{
public String firstName;
public String lastName;
public int age;
public Person(String firstName, String lastName, int age){
this.firstName = firstName;
this.lastName = lastName;
this.age = age;
}
public String toString(){
return firstName+","+lastName+","+age;
}
public final static Comparator<person> compareFirstName =
(lhs, rhs) -> lhs.firstName.compareTo(rhs.firstName);
public final static Comparator</person><person> compareLastName =
(lhs, rhs) -> lhs.lastName.compareTo(rhs.lastName);
public final static Comparator</person><person> compareAge =
(lhs, rhs) -> lhs.age - rhs.age;
}
public class Test11{
public static void main(String args[]){
Person people[] = new Person[]{
new Person("Ted", "Neward", 41),
new Person("Charlotte", "Neward", 41),
new Person("Michael", "Neward", 19),
new Person("Matthew", "Neward", 13)
};
Arrays.sort(people, Person.compareFirstName);//这里直接引用lambda
for(Person p : people){
System.out.println(p);
}
}
}
能起到同样的作用,但是语法看上去很奇怪,因为之前我们都是创建一个满足Comparator签名的方法,然后直接调用,而非定义一个变量,
然后引用这个变量!所以,还有这么一种调用方法:
class Person{
public String firstName;
public String lastName;
public int age;
public Person(String firstName, String lastName, int age){
this.firstName = firstName;
this.lastName = lastName;
this.age = age;
}
public String toString(){
return firstName+","+lastName+","+age;
}
public static int compareFirstName(Person lhs, Person rhs){
return lhs.firstName.compareTo(rhs.firstName);
}
public static int compareLastName(Person lhs, Person rhs){
return lhs.lastName.compareTo(rhs.lastName);
}
}
public class Test12{
public static void main(String args[]){
Person people[] = new Person[]{
new Person("Ted", "Neward", 41),
new Person("Charlotte", "Neward", 41),
new Person("Michael", "Neward", 19),
new Person("Matthew", "Neward", 13)
};
Arrays.sort(people, Person::compareFirstName);
for(Person p : people){
System.out.println(p);
}
}
}
看Person::compareFirstName这种调用方式,
如果是static方法使用:类名::方法名
如果是instance方法:instance::方法名
但是,上面的代码还是不是很美观,因为Person只是一个数据对象,它不应该的对外提供compareFirstName或者是compareLastName这样的方法,
我们需要的仅仅是根据某个字段排序而已!很幸运的是jdk的api帮我们做了这件事:
import java.util.*;
class Person{
public String firstName;
public String lastName;
public int age;
public Person(String firstName, String lastName, int age){
this.firstName = firstName;
this.lastName = lastName;
this.age = age;
}
public String getFirstName(){
return this.firstName;
}
public String getLastName(){
return this.lastName;
}
public String toString(){
return firstName+","+lastName+","+age;
}
}
public class Test13{
public static void main(String args[]){
Person people[] = new Person[]{
new Person("Ted", "Neward", 41),
new Person("Charlotte", "Neward", 41),
new Person("Michael", "Neward", 19),
new Person("Matthew", "Neward", 13)
};
Arrays.sort(people, Comparator.comparing(Person::getFirstName));
for(Person p : people){
System.out.println(p);
}
}
}
Arrays.sort(people, Comparator.comparing(Person::getFirstName));
这里调用了Comparator.comparing方法,
但是注意这里的Person::getFirstName,很显然getFirstName()并不是static的,这是jdk做了封装的缘故!
这样做就非常完美了!
假如我们的排序算法改为:先按照lastName,然后按照age排序呢?
public class Test15{
public static void main(String args[]){
Person people[] = new Person[]{
new Person("Ted", "Neward", 10),
new Person("Charlotte", "Neward", 41),
new Person("Michael", "Naward", 19),
new Person("Matthew", "Nmward", 13)
};
Collections.sort(Arrays.asList(people), (lhs, rhs)->{
if(lhs.getLastName().equals(rhs.getLastName())){
return lhs.getAge()-rhs.getAge();
}else{
return lhs.getLastName().compareTo(rhs.getLastName());
}
});
for(Person p : people){
System.out.println(p);
}
}
}
很显然,应该还有更好的实现方式:
public class Test16{
public static void main(String args[]){
Person people[] = new Person[]{
new Person("Ted", "Neward", 10),
new Person("Charlotte", "Neward", 41),
new Person("Michael", "Naward", 19),
new Person("Matthew", "Nmward", 13)
};
Collections.sort(Arrays.asList(people),Comparator.comparing(Person::getLastName).thenComparing(Person::getAge));
for(Person p : people){
System.out.println(p);
}
}
}
Comparator.comparing(Person::getLastName).thenComparing(Person::getAge):简直帅呆了!
还有更多的诸如:andThen()这样的方法,可以查api。
虚方法扩展
因为接口可以有default方法,所以很多类库都重写了,加入了一些default的方法,比如:
interface Iterator<t> {
boolean hasNext();
T next();
void remove();
void skip(int i) default {
for (; i > 0 && hasNext(); i--) next();
}
}
skip(i)就是一个default方法,这样所有的Iterator的子类都具有了一个叫skip的方法!
但是,大家对default方法的争议还是比较大的,比如:
interface I1 {
public default void print(){
System.out.println("I1");
}
public void hello();
}
interface I2{
public default void print(){
System.out.println("I2");
}
public void world();
}
class Impl implements I1,I2{
public void hello(){
}
public void world(){
}
}
如果在Impl上调用print会怎样呢?这不就是传说中的多继承么?想知道结果的话,自己试一下就可以了,哈哈
Stream:
之前的文章已经有介绍,下面只据一些使用的例子:
过滤age>12的元素:
people
.stream()
.filter(it -> it.getAge() >= 21) ;
过滤age>12的元素,并输出:
people.stream()
.filter((it) -> it.getAge() >= 21)
.forEach((it) ->
System.out.println("Have a beer, " + it.getFirstName()));
jdk预定义的Predicate:
Predicate<person> drinkingAge = (it) -> it.getAge() >= 21;
Predicate</person><person> brown = (it) -> it.getLastName().equals("Brown");
people.stream()
.filter(drinkingAge.and(brown))
.forEach((it) ->System.out.println("Have a beer, " + it.getFirstName()));
map:
IntStream ages =
people.stream()
.mapToInt((it) -> it.getAge());
//sum:
int sum = people.stream()
.mapToInt(Person::getAge)
.sum();
重点说下reduce:
public class Test17{
public static void main(String args[]){
List<integer> values = Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4,5);
int sum = values.stream().reduce(0, (l,r)->l+r);
System.out.println(sum);
}
}
reduce(0, (l,r)->l+r)的工作原理是:第一个参数0作为后面lambda表达式的左操作数,然后从stream中取出一个元素作为右操作数,
二者运算的结果作为下一次运算的左操作数,依次循环。
最后看一个好玩的例子:
class Person{
public String firstName;
public String lastName;
public int age;
public Person(String firstName, String lastName, int age){
this.firstName = firstName;
this.lastName = lastName;
this.age = age;
}
public String getFirstName(){
return this.firstName;
}
public String getLastName(){
return this.lastName;
}
public int getAge(){
return this.age;
}
public String toString(){
return firstName+","+lastName+","+age;
}
public String toJson(){
return "{"+
"firstName:\""+firstName+"\","+
"lastName:\""+lastName+"\","+
"age:"+age +
"}";
}
}
public class Test18{
public static void main(String args[]){
Person people[] = new Person[]{
new Person("Ted", "Neward", 10),
new Person("Charlotte", "Neward", 41),
new Person("Michael", "Naward", 19),
new Person("Matthew", "Nmward", 13)
};
String json = Arrays.asList(people).stream().map(Person::toJson).reduce("[",(l,r)->l + (l.equals("[")?"":",") + r)+"]";
System.out.println(json);
}
}
输出结果:
[{firstName:"Ted",lastName:"Neward",age:10},{firstName:"Charlotte",lastName:"Neward",age:41},{firstName:"Michael",lastName:"Naward",age:19},{firstName:"Matthew",lastName:"Nmward",age:13}]
还可以这样:
public class Test19{
public static void main(String args[]){
Person people[] = new Person[]{
new Person("Ted", "Neward", 10),
new Person("Charlotte", "Neward", 41),
new Person("Michael", "Naward", 19),
new Person("Matthew", "Nmward", 13)
};
String joined = Arrays.asList(people).stream().map(Person::toJson).collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
System.out.println("[" + joined + "]");
}
}
更进一步:
public class Test20{
public static void main(String args[]){
Person people[] = new Person[]{
new Person("Ted", "Neward", 10),
new Person("Charlotte", "Neward", 41),
new Person("Michael", "Naward", 19),
new Person("Matthew", "Nmward", 13)
};
String json = Arrays.asList(people).stream().map(Person::toJson).collect(Collectors.joining(", ", "[", "]"));
System.out.println(json);
}
}
如果只能用一个字来形容,那就是perfect!